Divergence of Gut Microbiota Mediated by Milk-Derived Small Extracellular Vesicles: Genomic Variation and Metabolic Modulation in Sugars, Amino Acids, and Purines

Milk small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) mediate inter-kingdom communication, selecting approximately 55,000 genomic variants in gut bacteria influencing microbial differentiation.
Genomic variation induced by milk sEVs leads to significant alterations in bacterial metabolism of sugars, amino acids, and purines, with metabolic changes up to 12-fold in cultured bacterial systems.
Milk sEV-dependent modulation of gut bacterial metabolism correlates with neurodevelopmental outcomes in sEV-deficient neonates, including impaired spatial learning, memory, and increased epileptic seizures.
Formula feeding lacks adequate milk sEVs compared to breast milk, underscoring potential nutritional and developmental risks mediated via gut microbiota metabolic shifts.

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Milk small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) mediate inter-kingdom communication, selecting approximately 55,000 genomic variants in gut bacteria influencing microbial differentiation.
Genomic variation induced by milk sEVs leads to significant alterations in bacterial metabolism of sugars, amino acids, and purines, with metabolic changes up to 12-fold in cultured bacterial systems.
Milk sEV-dependent modulation of gut bacterial metabolism correlates with neurodevelopmental outcomes in sEV-deficient neonates, including impaired spatial learning, memory, and increased epileptic seizures.
Formula feeding lacks adequate milk sEVs compared to breast milk, underscoring potential nutritional and developmental risks mediated via gut microbiota metabolic shifts.