Highlights
– Multi-objective optimization of diets in 368,733 EPIC participants found synergistic benefits when the EAT‑Lancet Healthy Reference Diet (HRD) score, plant species richness, and lower intake of ultra‑processed foods (UPFs) were improved concurrently.
– Optimal diets increased mean HRD scores by ~13.9 points and plant dietary species richness by ~1.36 species, reduced UPF share by ~12.4 percentage points, improved PANDiet nutrient adequacy by ~4.1 percentage points, and lowered dietary greenhouse gas emissions (GHGe) by ~1.07 kg CO2‑eq/day and land use by ~1.43 m2/day.
