Background
Air pollution has been increasingly recognized as a significant environmental risk factor for metabolic diseases, including obesity and metabolic syndrome. Previous studies have linked exposure to pollutants like black carbon (BC), fine particulate matter (PM2.5), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) to cardiovascular and metabolic dysregulation. However, the longitudinal impact of air pollution on body composition, particularly in older adults with metabolic syndrome, remains underexplored. This study addresses this gap by examining the relationship between long-term air pollution exposure and changes in total fat mass, visceral fat mass, and lean mass over three years.
