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Cardiology

Sex-Specific Skeletal Muscle Inflammation and Dysfunction in Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction

MedXY Editorial TeamAug 27, 2026
Macrophagesskeletal muscle inflammationlymphocytesmuscle dysfunction

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This study identifies sex-specific differences in skeletal muscle immune cell profiles in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Women with HFrEF exhibit increased lymphocyte fractions, while men show elevated macrophage content in skeletal muscle. Notably, macrophage content correlates positively with muscle mass and strength in women but negatively in men, implicating distinct pathophysiological roles of immune cells contributing to muscle dysfunction in HFrEF.

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