Highlight
– Home-based hypertension care using community health workers and remote nurse guidance significantly reduces systolic blood pressure compared to clinic-based care.
– Integration of mobile technology with automatic transmission of blood pressure readings enhances effectiveness.
– High retention rates and similar safety profiles suggest home-based models are feasible and safe in low-resource rural settings.
– Blood pressure control improvements persist up to 12 months, indicating sustainable benefits of home-based interventions.
Study Background and Disease Burden
Hypertension remains a leading modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality worldwide. Its prevalence and impact are particularly challenging in low-resource and rural settings where healthcare access and infrastructure are limited. In sub-Saharan Africa, including South Africa, hypertension prevalence is rising in parallel with increasing urbanization and epidemiologic transition. Despite availability of effective antihypertensive medications, control rates remain suboptimal, leading to high rates of stroke, heart failure, and kidney disease. Barriers to effective hypertension management in rural areas include limited clinic capacity, transport difficulties, medication stock-outs, and inadequate monitoring. Innovative, patient-centered models are urgently needed to improve hypertension control and reduce the cardiovascular burden.
Study Design
This was a multicenter, open-label, randomized controlled trial conducted in rural South Africa. A total of 774 adults with diagnosed hypertension were randomized into three groups: (1) the standard-care group receiving usual clinic-based hypertension management, (2) the CHW group receiving home-based care with community health worker visits involving blood pressure measurements, data collection, medication delivery, and remote nurse-led decision making via a mobile application, and (3) the enhanced CHW group receiving the same intervention but with automatic wireless transmission of blood pressure readings from home devices.
Inclusion criteria encompassed adults with hypertension confirmed by screening, with notable comorbidities including 13.6% diabetes mellitus and 46.5% HIV infection. The primary endpoint was mean systolic blood pressure at 6 months, with secondary endpoints including blood pressure at 12 months, rates of hypertension control at 6 and 12 months, and safety outcomes (adverse events, mortality, and retention in care).
Key Findings
At 6 months, the mean systolic blood pressure was significantly lower in the CHW group compared to the standard-care group by 7.9 mm Hg (95% CI, -10.5 to -5.3; P<0.001) and even more reduced in the enhanced CHW group by 9.1 mm Hg (95% CI, -11.7 to -6.4; P95%) in home-based care groups, surpassing many clinic-based programs in similar settings.
Notably, the enhanced CHW group—with automatic transmission of blood pressure readings—did not show statistically significant superiority over the standard CHW group but demonstrated a trend toward greater blood pressure reductions, suggesting technological integration may further optimize outcomes.
Expert Commentary
The trial robustly demonstrates the effectiveness of a community health worker–led home-based hypertension care model in a rural South African context where traditional clinic-based care has struggled. This addresses critical barriers such as transportation, infrequent clinic visits, and poor medication adherence by bringing care to the patient’s doorstep combined with remote clinical oversight.
The high burden of HIV co-infection in nearly half of participants highlights the model’s adaptability for managing multimorbidity, which is increasingly relevant in aging populations in sub-Saharan Africa.
Limitations include the open-label design and the trial’s regional focus, which may affect generalizability to other settings with different healthcare infrastructure or patient demographics. The marginal advantage of automatic BP transmission merits further investigation to balance costs and benefits.
These findings align with emerging global evidence emphasizing task-shifting and technology-enabled hypertension management in resource-constrained environments, complementing WHO recommendations for decentralized chronic disease care.
Conclusion
This study provides compelling evidence that home-based hypertension care, implemented by community health workers and supported by remote nurse-led clinical decision-making with or without automated blood pressure data transmission, significantly improves blood pressure control compared to standard clinic-based care in rural South Africa. Such models offer scalable, sustainable strategies to address uncontrolled hypertension in low-resource settings, potentially reducing cardiovascular disease burden and mortality.
Future research should assess long-term cardiovascular outcomes, cost-effectiveness, and applicability in diverse settings. Integration into national health systems and expansion to other chronic diseases could harness the full potential of this community-based approach.
References
1. Siedner MJ, Magula N, Mazibuko L, et al. Home-Based Care for Hypertension in Rural South Africa. N Engl J Med. 2025;393(13):1304-1314. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2509958.
2. World Health Organization. Global Hearts Initiative. WHO; 2023.
3. Maimaris W, Kumari M, Sikorski C, et al. Community health workers for hypertension management in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review. J Hypertens. 2022;40(8):1450-1462.
